Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Volume:38 Issue: 5, Sep-Oct 2019

In this work core-shell structure Fe3O4@SiO2@meso-SiO2 microsphere has been successfully prepared. An inorganic magnetic core has been coated with multi-shell structure, dense nonporous silica as an inner layer and mesoporous silica as an outer layer. The dense silica shell can enhance the stability and minimize the negative effect of acidic conditions on the inner core and the porous outer shell can provide high surface area and enhance the loading of a functionalized group. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been used as a pore-forming agent and a modified methodology was adopted to improve the extraction condition of this kind of surfactant. The as-prepared microspheres were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM), N2 adsorption-desorption, and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The resulted materials possessing uniform core-shell structure, and well preserved structural stability. Additionally, they can be collected readily by using an external magnetic field. The prepared material has considerable potential applications in various fields including catalysis, drug delivery, and water treatment.

Facile low-temperature chemical route for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is reported in this paper. Morphologically uniform and spherical shape with an average particle size of 8.8 nm and wurtzite phase with the crystalline structure of as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed by UltraViolet Visible (UV-Vis) absorption and PhotoLuminescence (PL). The as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed orange light-emitting properties when excited at 400 nm due to the well overlapping of electron and hole wave function across the compatible size of the particle of ZnO and the optical energy band gap of 3.5 eV due to quantum confinement. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) were used for the elemental, molecular and energetic information of ZnO nanoparticles. UPS analysis depicted the energy level position of ZnO nanoparticles whereas XPS spectra showed the presence of constitute elementals with the stoichiometric atomic % of Zn and O. The elemental composition was also confirmed by the EDS analysis. The significant Raman shifts for as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles in the typical Raman-active modes of vibration assigned to the wurtzite crystal nanostructure of ZnO.

This study is comprised of the synthesis and characterization of uniform fine particles of iron oxide in different shapes and sizes. Varying amounts of iron (III) chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate was heated at 98 oC for various periods, following the forced hydrolysis method. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that the shape and size of the precipitated particles were dependent on the applied experimental conditions. Selected batches of the synthesized particles were characterized by various physical methods i.e., XRD, FT-IR, electrophoretic mobility to confirm their identity. The high concentration of phosphate ions tended the particles to grow lengthwise so as the morphology of the precipitated particles change from spherical (axial ratio 1) to ellipsoidal (axial ratio 6) shape. The excess amount of ferric chloride in the reaction, medium facilitated the growth of the primarily formed particles. The particle size increased with aging and attained a limiting value in 94 h. All the solids were crystalline and the observed peaks in the XRD patterns corresponded to iron (III) oxide. These findings are important in developing a facile and robust method for the synthesis of monodispersed particles of various metal oxides and controlling their size and shape.

In this paper, the synthesis of new montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel (MMTNH) based on poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted onto starch, is described. Montmorillonite (MMT) as nanometer base, acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) as monomers, ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and starch as a biocompatible polymer were prepared in aqueous solution and their amounts were optimized to attain the highest water absorbance. The optimized swelling capacity in distilled water was found to be 810 g/g. A mechanism for hydrogel formation was proposed and the structure of the product was confirmed using a set of techniques including FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Furthermore, the swelling behaviors of the nanocomposite at different pHs, various salt with different concentrations, the mixture of solvents, were investigated. The methylene blue (MB) dye was used as model drugs to assess the loading and release by MMTNH. The pH response of this MMTNH makes it suitable for acting as a controlled delivery system. The results suggest MMTNH may find applications as promising drug delivery vehicles for drug molecules.

In addition to increasing the efficacy of various drugs, Nanoparticles reduce their side effects. In this study, different nanoparticle formulations of Doxorubicin anticancer drugs were prepared. The efficacy of the formulations produced in the cell culture medium was studied compared with the free drug. Reverse phase evaporation was used to form the liposome containing doxorubicin. The graphite nanoparticles were prepared. These nanoparticles were mixed with the liposome containing doxorubicin, and the related Nano-complex was conjugated. Spectroscopy methods for visible light-ultraviolet, light and light dynamics differentiation were used to describe nanoparticles. For the toxicity of different formulation, MTT and MCF-7 cells were used. The amount of drug loading in the liposomes was 72%. The largest amount was related to the Nano-conjugated complex and the smallest size was related to the graphene-oxide nanoparticle with a nanometer size. The controlled release in 96 hours and the amount of drug release was 95.43%. Doxorubicin-containing liposome toxicity was 75% and Nano- conjugated complex was 85%, at the lowest drug concentration (10µM). The free drug created 35% cell toxicity in 10µM and 89% in 2500µM. The results of the study showed Liposomes act as a suitable nanoparticle for doxorubicin. It was found that the effect of nanoparticles of graphene oxide is very important. In the presence of this nanoparticle in the complex, toxicity increased significantly.

A hybrid nanocomposite composed of polyaniline-polystyrene-chitosan/zinc oxide was prepared via a simple in situ polymerization method. The synthesized copolymers were analyzed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), and UltraViolet-Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopies, ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive,  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The chemical bonding established between polyaniline-polystyrene and polyaniline-polystyrene-chitosan/zinc oxide, confirmed by FT-IR, is likely to be responsible for the enhanced chemical stability. From SEM observation, the ratio of ZnO nanoparticles to nanocomposite altered the morphology of the hybrids from granular to plate-like structure, which was confirmed by EDXS. The thermal property was studied using TG/DTA analysis shows the residual weight (TGA curves) and its weight derivative (DTA curves) of the polyaniline-polystyrene-chitosan/zinc oxide are more stable than chitosan and polyaniline-polystyrene-chitosan. Also, the cyclic voltammetry on the obtained hybrid materials revealed that the plate-like structure was more advantages for electrochemical stability. Overall, the results show that the introduction of the ZnO nanoparticles into the polyaniline-polystyrene-chitosan matrix enhanced the thermal and electrode stability.

A new magnetically separable organic-inorganic nanohybrid catalyst denoted as CuFe2O4@SiO2@C3-Pyrazole-C4SO3-H2PW was successfully prepared by grafting of a functionalized ionic liquid containing a pyrazolium cation with a phosphotungstic counter-anion H2PW12O40¯ (H2PW) on silica-coated copper ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CuFe2O4@SiO2). The prepared catalyst was fully characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The catalytic activity of CuFe2O4@SiO2@C3-Pyrazole-C4SO3-H2PW as a novel heterogeneous catalyst was probed in the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines by one-pot condensation of dimedone, an aromatic aldehyde, ammonium acetate, and ethyl acetoacetate. The results demonstrated a significant catalytic performance of the catalyst for this transformation under solvent-free conditions, giving high yields of the products over short reaction time. Also, the magnetic nanocatalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused many times with no significant loss of its catalytic activity.

A series of 8 new complexes of titanium and zirconium with diamido ligands bearing an ethylene and propylene bridge between the two amido groups were synthesized and tested for ethylene polymerization. Titanium complexes bearing an ethylene bridge between the two amido groups showed higher activities than the derivatives with a propylene bridge. In the case of the zirconium complexes, the propylene bridged complexes were more active than the corresponding ethylene bridged. The introduction of bulky groups on the ligand structure resulted in an increase in the activity. DFT calculations were performed to determine the activation energy barriers for different reaction steps. The calculated activation energy for the insertion of ethylene into an M-CH3 bond is in the range of 12.2-16.8 kcal/mol and the activation energy for the chain termination via β-H transfer reaction is 12.5-14.4 kcal/mol.

In this research, the protonation constant value of tannic acid was determined at 25 °C and different ionic strengths (0.1 to 0.7 mol/dm3 NaCl) using potentiometric titration technique. The dependence of protonation constant on ionic strength was modeled and discussed by a Debye-Hückel type equation. Then, based on the obtained data from experiments, the minimizing Sum of Squares Error (SSE) was done by Microsoft's Excel solver program and the most suitable model was chosen. After optimization, the protonation constant of tannic acid at different ionic strengths was calculated and curves of log Kcal and log Kexp were compared. Finally, Daniele constants of C and D were measured and the Specific Ion interaction Theory (SIT) was assessed for this weak acid. The obtained results show that the protonation constants of tannic acid decrease with increasing ionic strength.

In this study, reactions of the simple cycloalkynes with substituted Nitrile Oxides, by DFT method will be discussed. The investigation of the structural properties, theoretical thermodynamic and kinetic data, i.e., the activation free energies(DG*), the free energies changes of reaction(DrG) and rate constants of the reactions (k) in 298 K and effects of Electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups on the interaction of the LUMO with the HOMO of the dipole and dipolarophile will be presented. The results show an increase in the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps (DE) & DG* also decreasing the DrG & k by increasing the ring size of cycloalkynes.

The synthesis, characterization and quantum-chemical investigations of two new Co(II) complexesderived from fluorescent benzimidazoles have been reported. Two new fluorescentheterocyclic ligands were synthesized from the reduction of imidazo[4',5':3,4]benzo[1,2-c]isoxazole derivatives, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, mass, and NMR spectra. Coordination of the bidentate ligands with Co(II) cation produced orange complexes. The structures of the complexes have been established by spectral and analytical data as well as Job’s method. The photophysical properties of the new ligands and Co(II) complexes were characterized by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. An efficient charge transfer from the p-orbital of ligand to the Co(II) d-orbital could be proposed as the main reason for the color of the new complexes. To gain insight into geometry, spectral properties and the energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO frontier orbitals of the ligands and Co(II) complexes, the DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level were employed. The DFT-calculated spectral properties were in good agreement with the experimental values and confirmed the suitability of the optimized geometries for cobalt complexes.

Toluene diamine (TDA) is a main carcinogenic aromatic pollutant in some industrial wastewater. In this study, the reverse osmosis with DSS-HR98PP as the membrane was employed for the removal of TDA in an aqueous environment. The Box–Behnken Design (BBD) of the experimentwas used to consider the effect of operational variables such as pressure, pH and the feed volumetric flow rate on the rejection efficiency of TDA. The ANOVA (Analysis of variance) exhibited a reasonable prediction second-order regression model and a high determination coefficient values (R2 = 99.57, R2adj = 98.81 and R2pred = 93.20). The optimum conditions predicted by the model were as follows: the volumetric flow rate of feed at 6 ´ 10-5 m3/m2s, pH at 6.8, and pressure at 45 ´ 10-5 N/m2. The predicted optimum response was 98.2%. The results showed that at the optimum conditions obtained for rejection, the permeate flux and actual rejection efficiency were 44.3 ´ 104 m3/m2s, and 96.9%, respectively.

In this research, a novel adsorbent, tin sulfide nanoparticles coated on activated carbon [SnS-NP-C] was synthesized by a simple, low cost and efficient procedure for the removal of methylene green from aqueous solutions. Subsequently, this novel material characterization and identification has been completed by different techniques such as TEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectrometry analysis. In the batch experimental set-up, optimum conditions for quantitative removal of Methylene green by [SnS-NP-C] was attained following searching effect of variables such as adsorbent dosage (0.05-0.35 g), contact time (10-120 min), solution pH (6-10), and initial concentration of dye (10–60 mg/L) on the adsorption process was investigated. Optimum values were set at pH of 8.0, 0.25 g of [SnS-NP-C] at removal time of 50 min. Kinetic studies at the various adsorbent dosage and initial methylene green concentration show that maximum dye was sequestered within 10 min as a sort time. The adsorption of methylene green follows the pseudo-second-order rate equation in addition to the interparticle diffusion model (with the removal of more than 99%) at all conditions. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model at all amount of adsorbent, while maximum adsorption capacity was 14.22 mg/g for 0.2 g of [SnS-NP-C]. The present procedure is green and offers advantages such as shorter reaction time, simple workup, and high percentage removal.

Application of agriculture residue especially in biochar form seems to be effective in the removal of contaminants such as nitrate pollution. The effectiveness of biochar produced from palm leaf residues (pyrolyzed at 600 ˚C) in the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution was studied at different pH. The pH value at the point of zero charges (pHpzc) and surface functional groups of biochar were also investigated. The result showed that the pHpzc of palm leaf biochar was about 8 and the most adsorption of nitrate from solution (90%) was obtained at pH 2. The fit of experimental data to six adsorption isotherm and eight kinetic models showed satisfied fits to Freundlich and Langmuir 2 isotherm and pseudo-second-order, power function, Intraparticle diffusion and simplified Milovich models due to their low values of Standard Errors (SE) of estimate and high values of coefficients of determination (R2). The result implied that the adsorption of nitrate onto palm leaf biochar was through favorable and multi-step chemisorption processes. According to the result reported herein the use of palm leaf biochar is promising for nitrate removal from aqueous solution.

The ability of sheep wool to remove Pb(II) ions and safranin dye from aqueous solutions through the adsorption process was investigated at room temperature. The metal ions concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. The influence of pH, contact time, amount of adsorbent, temperature and initial metal ions concentration were examined by the batch method. The experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm equations. The correlation coefficients were determined by analyzing each isotherm. The results indicate that the experimental data show better correlation with the Freundlich isotherm for Pb(II) ion and Langmuir isotherm for safranin dye than other isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy enthalpy and entropy have also been evaluated and it has been found that the sorption process was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic. The maximum amounts of Pb(II) and safranin dye adsorbed (qm), that show in order of 12.787 mg/g for Pb(II) and 4.6533 mg/g for safranin of wool sheep. The morphological analysis of the wool sheep was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The development of treatment processes from laboratory scale to industries involves a lot of troubles due to the automation of process parameters and fluctuated characteristics of wastewater. In the present study, six different real-time textile effluents of samples such as S1 to S6 are characterized and treated by electrocoagulation process using Stainless Steel (SS) and Aluminum (Al) electrodes. The maximum removal efficiencies of color as 94%, turbidity as 99%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as 84% and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) as 82% is obtained for effluent sample S1 with fixed operational conditions such as the applied voltage of 4V, inter-electrode distance of 3 cm, the surface area of the electrode of 25 cm2 and agitation speed of 500 rpm respectively. After the electrocoagulation process, the BOD5/COD ratio of all effluent samples is observed as biodegradable limits. Under the fixed conditions, the operational cost for the treatment of effluent sample S1 analyzed as 2.42 and 1.01 $/m3 by using SS and Al electrodes respectively.

This study was performed to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of a solution containing methylene blue dye by using a tin oxide (SnO2) electrode. The effect of several operating factors such as electrolyte types, current density, initial dye concentration, and pH were investigated by following the discolorationand COD removal. The results show that the maximum color was removed by using chloride supporting electrolyte (i.e. KCl and NaCl) indicating that the indirect oxidation was promoted by the strong oxidant species (i.e. Cl2 and ClO–) generated at the anode surface. The best experimental conditions were attained for i = 60mA/cm2, 1% KCl and pH = 3, in which 100% of color was removed after 30 minutes and the COD removal reached 80.9% after 120 min. These results reveal that the anodic oxidation technique using SnO2 electrode could be used to remove the methylene blue dye from textile wastewater.

This study aims to evaluate the pollution by Heavy Metals (HMs) of the stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in dry- and wet- season, motivated by the road traffic, at the level of the forest of Hafir located in Tlemcen (Algeria). The distribution and the migration of 9 HMs in the green leave and needles and the litter (viz.dead leaves) were studied, viz.  Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ag, in addition to five major elements, i.e. Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn. The HM -contents are measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) after their dissolution according to several methods.  The mineralization of HMs by the strong acids seems to be a good technique by comparing with other techniques, it reported the higher concentrations of metals which is more important for the dosage of the cadmium. This study allowed to understand that the quantities of HMs transported in the atmospheric releases, once deposited on the aerial parts of the leaves and the litter, their future depends on the accumulative character of the plant, as well as for each metal, there is an adequate chemical extraction with a representative variation.

The partitioning of lysozyme and extraction yield in an aqueous two-phase system containing Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) K25 and potassium phosphate were investigated as a function of weight percent of salt and PVP in the feed, temperature, and pH. To investigate partitioning behavior, the central composite design was considered using a quadratic model. According to the results of the model, the partitioning of lysozyme was mainly due to the impact of the weight percent of the salt in the feed. However, the partitioning was expanded a little following the increase in the weight percent of the polymer. Based on the results, there was an opposite relationship between the temperature and decrement in the viscosity of PVP as the increment in the former led to the decrement in the latter. Finally, the modification in the third factor was done by increasing the pH level. Before experimenting, some values were hypothesized such as 93.69% for the maximum extraction yield, 21.23% for PVP K25, 13.99% for the salt concentrations, 7.10 for the pH value and 35.57 for the temperature. The findings of the study suggest that the hypothesized values for different variables are in line with the experimental results.

Natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure with a horizontal baffle at the centerline of the left wall containing Al2O3-water in the presence of a magnetic field is investigated numerically. The top and bottom horizontal walls are adiabatic. The left wall and the baffle are maintained in constant temperature Th and the right wall is maintained in constant temperature Tc (Tc <Th). Discretized equations are solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. The numerical simulations have been carried out to determine the effect of parameters in the following ranges: Rayleigh number, Ra=103 to 106, nanoparticles volume fraction between j =0 to 5%, Hartmann number varied from Ha=0 to 60 and baffle length (L1=0 to 0.5L). The results show that the heat transfer rate increases with increasing Rayleigh number, but with increasing Hartmann number decreases. Also, increasing the baffle length enhances the heat transfer rate into the enclosure.

In this research, a theoretical study has been undertaken on the density and also on the relationship between refractive index and density for aqueous solutions. A simple linear equation is suggested to show this relationship. Also, a semi-empirical equation has been developed for estimating the constant of this linear equation. By using our suggested equations, the refractive indices of aqueous solutions of alkane polyols [R(OH)n, n = 2 to 6 -OH,s) and also polyols with one ring (monosaccharide) can be calculated. Moreover, the refractive indices of some alcohols and other components have been collected from the various literature. Our suggested equations have been tested for aqueous solutions of these molecules. For aqueous solutions of alkane polyols [R-(OH)n, n = 2 to 6 –OH,s) and monosaccharide, a good agreement is observed between experimental refractive indices and theoretical ones. Other molecules show positive and/or negative deviations from the results of our suggested equations. For various liquid solutions, the refractive indices can be correlated and fitted with our linear equation. Also, the value of the constant of this linear equation, Kref, shows the power of interaction between solute and solvent molecules. The interaction between solute and solvent molecules increases when the value of constant, Kref increases.

In this study, a new sorbent of chemically-modified activated carbon with L-arginine (AC-Arg) has been produced as solid-phase extraction, to trace Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions in real samples, including soil and water samples, by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Once the surface coverage value is determined, the surface modification has been investigated and assessed, while having employed both elemental analysis as well as Attenuated Total Reflection InfraRed (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The separation/preconcentration factors of the analyte, including the effect of pH, shaking time, sample volume, elution condition, and interfering ions have been studied. Following the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommendations, the detection limits (3σ) of these methods are 2.4 and 1.6 ng/mL, using AC-Arg for Zn(II) and Cd(II)  respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) under optimum conditions is less than 1% (n=6).

Removal of carbonate impurities in sedimentary phosphate is one of the most important issues in the industry. Poor selective flotation of those ores is due to the similarity of Physico-chemical surface properties, solubility, and electrokinetic characteristics of sparingly soluble phosphate and carbonate minerals. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic irradiation as a pretreatment method on reverse flotation of low-grade sedimentary phosphate sample from Lar Mountain deposit was investigated. Ultrasonic was utilized before flotation at different ultrasound intensity. This study was performed by two flotation approaches; i) using experimental design (Plackett-Burman method with 11 variables), and ii) try and error method. Initial mineralogical studies showed that the feed sample contains 10.34%P2O5, 48.01%CaO, and 9.22%SiO2. The collected data from experimental design were analyzed by DX7.0 software to assess the influence of each parameter on flotation performance. The results indicated that ultrasound intensity, collector dosage, and dispersant dosage were the effective parameters. The results of the try and error method showed that the conditioning time was the most effective parameter in which by reducing ultrasonic preparation time the recovery was increased relative to 33.29%. Finally, the kinetic flotation tests and SEM studies were performed. The results proved surface cleaning of phosphate minerals which treated by ultrasound irradiation that led to better adsorption of chemicals which increased the recovery and grade of P2O5 for 87.88% and 14.45%, respectively. However, the application of the ultrasonic treatment reduced the flotation chemicals’ consumption which is a prominent issue for phosphate treatment.

Drilling operations of petroleum generate oily wastes. The disposal of a significant amount of oil-based drill muds has caused soil contamination and critical environmental impacts in the last decades.The current study aimed to investigate the potential of microbial remediation for an aged oil-based drilling waste and to monitor the fluctuation in microbial population throughout a 60-day microcosm experiment. A representative aged oil-based drilling waste sample was obtained randomly from a contaminated mud pit in the Khangiran district, Iran. Respiration measurement was performed according to the method described by standard ISO 17155. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was measured by the gravimetric method. Microbial counts were measured at 10-day intervals during 60 days of incubation. Total heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated by standard plate count using R2A agar. Dominant heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria were selected for phylogenetic analysis. Statistical analyses of the experimental data, using one-way ANOVA were performed using Minitab 16. Following the biostimulation of the contaminated soil, both heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial counts increased to above three orders of magnitude in less than 20 days. The highest respiration level and hydrocarbon degradation efficiency were correlated and measured between the 10th and 20th days of the experiment to be 70.7 µg/g.soil.hand 23.13% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the members of Actinobacteria (Georgenia, Brevibacterium, Micromonospora, and Streptomyces) were the major hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria in the microcosm, among which the species of genus Georgenia were dominant throughout the experiments. Furthermore, the population of Alcanivorax species increased promptly and thrived in the microcosm during the active bioremediation phase which indicated their vital role for remediation of diesel range hydrocarbons in saline environments. In an overall view, elegant diversity of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria along with the accomplished TPH removal efficiency of 45.4% (w/w) in the microcosms, confirmed the potential of indigenous microorganisms for bioremediation of the aged oil-based drilling waste.

In this study, the mineral contents of bread with boiled grape, date, carob and mulberry fruit juices at five different concentrations were determined. The fluctuations of B and Cu contents in bread with pekmez (molasses) were determined between 4.10 to 4.49 mg/kg and 2.74 and 3.34 mg/kg respectively. Ca, Mg, K, P and S were the main macro-elements of bread samples. The highest values of Ca were observed in samples with mulberry molasses (421 mg/kg - 826 mg/kg). The Ca content of bread with grape molasses ranged from 360 to 520 mg/kg, while Ca content of bread with carob molasses change between 396 and 582 mg/kg (p<0.05). K content of samples with carob molasses was higher than the others and ranged from 2321 mg/kg to 4719 mg/kg, followed by samples with mulberry, grape, and date palm molasses in descending order. The p content of the samples with carob molasses changed from 1249 to 1313 mg/kg. Results have exhibited the potential for the production of bread with boiled fruit juices of acceptable quality.

The oil contents of rye grain seeds ranged from 0.70% (type 25) to 3.92 % (type 1). Palmitic acid contents of oils changed between 10.82% (type 26) and 22.43% (type 10). In addition, while oleic acid contents of oil samples vary between 20.61% (type 17) and 37.86% (type 3), linoleic acid contents of oils changed between 18.91% (type 3) to 54.0% (type 13). Also, linolenic acid contents of oil samples were found between 2.43% (type 1) and 8.34% (type 26). Total saturated fatty acid contents of oil samples changed between 15.57% (typ 26) and 34.38% (type 1). K contents of rye grains were found between 3810.31 mg/kg (type 2) and 6148.28 mg/kg (type 17). While P contents of grains vary between 1806.43 mg/kg (5) and 3710.25 mg/kg (18), Mg contents of samples ranged from 962.87 mg/kg (type 5) to 1602.33 mg/kg (type 12). The highest Ca content was determined in 14 samples (1447.96 mg/kg). The crude protein contents of rye grains ranged from 10.08% (type 1) to 15.25% (type 3). As a result, rye grain is rich in minerals and essential fatty acids for human health.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the edible coating of Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) and Rosemary Essential Oil (REO) incorporated into alginate coating to maintain chemical and sensorial characteristics of chicken meat under refrigeration conditions. Firstly in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oils was evaluated. Then fresh chicken meats were coated with alginate solution containing CEO, REO alone and in combination and treatments were evaluated for Peroxide value (PV), total carbonyls, ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances BARS), TriMethylAmine Nitrogen (TMAN), Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN) and sensory quality tests. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in chemical parameters and sensorial attributes in all treatments when compared to control during storage. Therefore the functional alginate-sodium coating containing CEO and REO extended the shelf life of fresh chicken meat during refrigerated storage and could have a valuable food preserving potential in the food industry.